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Google Cloud Certified Professional Cloud Architect · Google Cloud
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PubSub can only guarantee AT-LEAST-ONCE delivery, so dataflow is required afterwards to clean up any duplicates
Answer is still B (Pub/Sub + Dataflow), because https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/exactly-once-delivery#regional_considerations mentions "The exactly-once delivery guarantee only applies when subscribers connect to the service in the same region. If your subscriber application is spread across multiple regions, it can lead to duplicate message delivery, even when exactly-once delivery is enabled." (so the exactly-once delivery only works regionally, but the question says architect for global) The question's constraint of a globally scaled frontend, means you'll have clients in multiple regions.
"globally scaled frontend" means Dataflow is required. If the clients were in 1 region only pushing messages, then Pub/Sub alone would be the solution. Since there are global clients, this requires Dataflow.