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- SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) uses Shapley values from cooperative game theory to attribute a prediction to each input feature in a mathematically principled way. LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) fits a simple surrogate model around a single prediction. Partial dependence plots show the marginal effect of one or two features. Permutation importance measures performance drop when a feature is shuffled.