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ISTQB Certified Tester: AI Testing (CT-AI) · ISTQB
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- Metamorphic testing addresses the oracle problem: for many ML inputs there is no precomputed correct answer, but we can define metamorphic relations (MRs) about how outputs should change in response to specific input transformations. Example: MR1 — small perturbation to an image should not change classification; MR2 — relabeling training data and re-training should produce predictions consistent with the new labels.