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ISTQB Certified Tester: AI Testing (CT-AI) · ISTQB
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- The F1 score is the harmonic mean of precision and recall: F1 = 2 * (P * R) / (P + R). The harmonic mean penalizes extreme imbalance — a model with very high precision but very low recall (or vice versa) gets a low F1. F-beta generalizes this by weighting recall more heavily (beta>1) or precision more heavily (beta<1).