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The byte-to-byte mismatch is more consistent with invalid rows being skipped during the load process (due to format or parsing issues), rather than an encoding issue. Answer B
D. The CSV data has not gone through an ETL phase before loading into BigQuery. -> ETL means Extract, Transform and Load and this is actually very important content for Cloud Data Engineers. Look into it if interested! But getting back to the topic: ETL is usually required when the source format and target format are different. You need to extract source file and the transform it before loading the data to fit the target. This is also not a viable option. Also Data is imported successfully and the question doesn't mention anything regarding ETL.
C. The CSV data loaded in BigQuery is not using BigQuery's default encoding. -> "BigQuery supports UTF-8 encoding for both nested or repeated and flat data. BigQuery supports ISO-8859-1 encoding for flat data only for CSV files." Source: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/loading-data Default BQ Encoding: UTF-8 This is probably the correct answer because if the csv file encoding was not UTF-8 and instead it was ISO-8859-1 then we would have to tell bigquery that orelse it will assume it is UTF-8. Hence, Imported data is not matching byte-to-byte to the source file. CORRECT ANSWER!